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Special Report, Science, Americas
#1
POSTSUBSCRIPT should have their internal structure affected by electron-degeneracy as they contract gravitationally after their formation. Those objects should be unable to release enough energy from hydrogen nuclear burning, since their central temperatures begin to decrease after degeneracy proceeds. They should never go through the usual stellar evolution phases, living as ”failed” stars. The theoretical calculations of the two pioneer papers in 1963 marked the birth of brown dwarfs fifty years ago. Following these predictions, the motivation was there for more theoretical calculations and evolutionary models for brown dwarfs Grossman (1970); Straka (1971); Rappaport and Joss (1984), followed by many others. With the discovery of the first genuine brown dwarfs about 20 years ago, (see the chapters by R. Rebolo, G. Basri, and by B. Oppenheimer in this volume), the theory and modelling of brown dwarfs have constantly developed and improved. The first major theoretical challenge was the development of an equation of state (EOS hereafter) appropriate for the description of the dense and relatively cool interior of brown dwarfs, accounting for the effects of electron partial degeneracy and interaction between particles, namely molecules, atoms, ions and electrons (see Chabrier and Baraffe (2000) and references therein).|KYIV, Ukraine - After more than seven years of constant combat, the war in Ukraine’s eastern Donbas region is far from over. This week, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said Russia had amassed some 100,000 troops in Ukraine’s periphery. According to some, that buildup could signal Moscow’s intent to launch an offensive in the coming weeks or months. “Any further provocation or aggressive actions by Russia would be of serious concern,” NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg said Monday, Nov. 15. “We do not, and will not, accept Russia’s illegal and illegitimate annexation of Crimea. During the winter of 2013 to 2014, pro-European protests in Ukraine’s capital city of Kyiv swelled into a revolution calling for the removal of Viktor Yanukovych, the country’s pro-Russia president at that time. Weeks after Yanukovych’s ousting in February 2014, Russia invaded and seized Ukraine’s Crimean Peninsula. Russian soldiers who took part in the Crimean operation were colloquially known as the “little green men” in Western news reports because of the lack of identifying insignia on their camouflaged military uniforms.




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